社会心理学家艾米·卡迪2012年的研究 欧洲杯买球app官网“权力摆姿势”的介绍 is the second most popular TED Talk of all time, with more than 52 million views to date. 引用了她在2010年发表的研究, Cuddy outlines in the talk how assuming an expansive posture—legs apart and hands on hips, for instance—can prime a person for success by optimizing hormone levels to increase confidence and reduce anxiety.

Cuddy’s groundbreaking findings made her a media sensation, but not for long. 这个问题? 随后的实验未能重现她的结果.

权力摆拍的垮台是科学复制危机的典型, an ongoing phenomenon in which vigorous retesting has debunked many classic and influential reSearch findings, 主要是在社会科学领域. Psychology Professor Benjamin Le uses the trend to illustrate the need for fieldwide reform in his “开放科学与包容心理学” 课程. Introduced in the spring semester, it’s one of the nation’s only undergraduate 课程s of its kind.

The open science movement promotes transparency throughout the scientific process, 从研究的构思到结论. 这涉及到研究人员分享他们的预测, 方法, 材料, data, and statistical analyses in real time and publishers making literature free for anyone to read—rarities in any branch of science.

“当科学被孤立地进行，并被置于付费墙之后, it’s hard to see the decisions reSearchers made along the way that could have impacted their out- comes,乐说。, 2001年以博士预科奖学金来到欧洲杯买球app官网的人, 两年之后，他完成了博士学位.D. 普渡大学社会心理学博士.

“似乎在过去, 如果人们做了20项研究，其中19项没有成功, 他们只出版了那本, often when they advertently or inadvertently did things that tipped them toward significant findings. Unfortunately, these false positives are the findings we’ve been relying on for decades,” he says.

An expert on commitment in close relationships, Le co-edited the 2011 book The Science of Relationships: Answers to Your Questions 欧洲杯买球app官网 Dating, Marriage, and 家庭, joining a dozen other contributors to tackle 40 common questions such as “What’s the best way to meet someone?和“人们为什么要作弊??“这本书启发了一个网站， scienceofrelationships.com, where he and his peers analyzed reSearch findings —in a way applying open science themselves by writing about studies in a form the general public could understand. (去年, Le和他的同事将网站的所有权转让给了另一个集团, 于是改名为 luvze.com.)

Le recently put his relationship reSearch on hold to focus on his “love of science in general and efforts to increase the robustness of science in all areas.” Describing his new 课程 as “what I learned on 推特 during my sabbatical,” he notes that the open science community materialized on that social networking platform. He devoted time away from campus during the 2017-18 academic year to doing a deep dive into the open science movement, writing a comprehensive open science manual for students and deciding that the topic needed to be part of his department’s curriculum—although the 课程’s relevance spans many fields, and the 16 students enrolled in its first iteration ranged from first-years to seniors representing many different majors.

Le kicked things off by having students examine various psychological tenets that have lost clout for not replicating, 比如摆权力姿势和“自我损耗”,” the idea that people have a finite amount of willpower that gets exhausted over time. He also exposed the widespread p-hacking (manipulation of data to produce a desired probability value) that has long plagued psychology.

“基本上, my goal early in the semester was to get students frustrated by how many rewards there are for gaming the system,乐说。. 他成功了. Maria Padron ’19 says Le’s 课程 drastically changed the way she looks at science.

“I always assumed if something was in a textbook, it was right,” she says. 如果你热爱心理学, it’s pretty upsetting to learn that you have to rethink everything you’ve been taught. But the skepticism is healthy—now that we realize there’s a problem, we can work on fixing it.”

这就是课程后半部分的内容:设计解决方案, many of which involve open-science practices that improve transparency and reproducibility. 其中之一是预注册, or posting explicit details about a planned study—including hypotheses—in a time-stamped file in an online repository before beginning to collect data. 这限制了以后的选择性报道.

Another solution involves changing the academic publishing incentive system, 20岁的心理学专业学生卡罗琳·阿罗诺维茨解释道.

“我们讨论了研究人员发表论文的压力有多大, and how they know that will only happen if their findings are significant—which can influence how they do their reSearch and lead to bad science,阿罗诺维茨说. 当研究人员没有得到显著的结果时, 他们把它放在抽屉里，然后就忘了, 尽管他们的工作仍然影响着整个科学.”

他还将“包容心理学”引入了这门课程, 解决长期以来限制科学多样性的偏见. 例如, in the field of psychology women fall far behind their male counterparts in holding tenured university faculty positions and departmental leadership roles—discrepancies that are magnified when it comes to ethnic and racial minorities.

“Open science is not just about having 方法 and data and publications open to everyone, 但也要考虑到谁参与了科学,乐说。. “我们有兴趣向所有人敞开科学之门, because more diverse perspectives among scientists produce more creative and impactful reSearch, 的想法, 和发现.”